Your question is confusing me a little bit since it could be explained in 2 different ways.
1. If this regarding one certain position for an employee:
- academic qualifications would be your education degrees or any of your education certifications.
- professional qualifications would be your working experience, any professional designations, licenses, or professional certifications.
For ex: if you are considered for a position: "Senior Software Engineer"
- Academic qualifications would be: B.Eng in SE or other bachelor degree in related fields.
- Professional qualifications would be: P.Eng designation, working experience or other professional certifications like MCSE, Oracle...
2. If this regarding an education issue in general term then
- Academic qualifications: requirements to be in academic environments (universities, research institute) to be able to teach from undergrad, professional, graduate and doctoral levels, give lectures, hold conferences, mentor other students, research, develop, consult and advise to governments or corporations. Those qualifications are usually a top research doctorate (Phd or equivalent) + post doc + research publications + research experience... that lead to an academic position (university professor). To be an university professor is extremely difficult since it requires finest qualifications from candidates. University professors are considered world class experts in their fields and symbolized for intellectual.
- Professional qualifications: qualifications that need to practice certain position professionally. Those include: medicine, law, dentistry, pharmacy, management, architect, engineer, nursing, teaching, psychology, actuary, accountant, financial analyst, divinity ... All those professional degrees usually require intensive trainings.
. Physician: a MD degree + license to practice
. Engineer: an engineer or science degree (B.Eng, B.Sc) + P.Eng. designation or and engineer degree.
. Lawyer: a law degree (LLB or JD) + admission to the bar
. Dentist: a DDS degree + license
. Pharmacist: B.Pharm or PharmD + license
. Management: MBA
. Architect: B.Arch or M.Arch + license
. Nurse: B.N + Registered Nurse
. Teacher: B.Ed. or any Bachelor + Education Certification
. Psychologist: B.Psych. + Certification
. Statistician: B.Math, B.Stat + License
. Actuary: License
. Accountant: B.Com, B.A., B.S + License
. Financial Analyst: B.F., B.Com ... + License